![]() Until well-established civil and vital statistics systems are in place in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), monitoring sociodemographic events using data on vital societal statistics will remain dependent on alternative data sources. Challenges during implementation included technical difficulties, accidental data loss, device theft, security concerns, power surges, and internet connection problems. Onsite data error prevention, fast data submission, and easy-to-handle devices were the comparative advantages offered by electronic data collection systems. Field data collectors reported that an electronic data collection system was a feasible, acceptable, and preferable tool for their work. Only 2 studies linked cost and data quality outcomes to describe the cost-effectiveness of electronic data collection systems. Individual paper synthesis showed that electronic data collection systems provided good quality data and delivered faster compared with paper-based data collection systems. ![]() Meta-analysis was not possible because of the heterogeneity in study designs, types, study settings, and level of outcome measurements. ![]() A total of 4 comparative evaluations, 2 pre-post intervention comparative evaluations, 2 retrospective comparative evaluations, and 4 one-arm noncomparative studies were included. None of the studies were randomized controlled trials most had a quasi-experimental design, for example, comparative experimental evaluation studies nested on other ongoing cross-sectional surveys. After deduplication, we screened 2533 papers, and 14 fulfilled the inclusion criteria.
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